What Is the FAA Part 107 Remote Pilot Certificate?

The FAA Part 107 Remote Pilot Certificate is the legal credential required for anyone operating a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) – commonly called a drone – for commercial or non-hobby purposes. Established under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR Part 107), this certification ensures that remote pilots understand airspace rules, weather factors, flight safety, and regulatory compliance. Without this certificate, flying a drone for any work-related activity – including real estate photography, mapping, agricultural monitoring, or inspections – is illegal and can result in significant fines.

While recreational drone pilots have separate rules (often under the Exception for Recreational Flyers), anyone flying for business, public benefit, or even a nonprofit must hold a valid Part 107 certificate. The process is straightforward but requires dedicated study and planning.

Eligibility Criteria for Part 107 Certification

Before registering for the knowledge test, confirm that you meet the FAA's basic eligibility requirements. These are not negotiable and apply to all applicants, regardless of age or experience.

  • Minimum age: You must be at least 16 years old to apply. (Note: Some employers or insurance policies may require you to be 18, but the FAA minimum is 16.)
  • English proficiency: You must be able to read, speak, write, and understand English. This is because all FAA communications, air traffic control instructions, and exam materials are in English. Limited exceptions exist for pilot certificates issued by foreign authorities, but the Part 107 test is English-only.
  • Physical and mental fitness: You must be in a condition that allows you to safely operate a drone. There is no medical certificate required (unlike private pilot licenses), but you must self-certify that you do not have any condition that could impair safe operation – such as severe vision problems, seizure disorders, or mental health conditions that affect judgment. If unsure, consult an aviation medical examiner.
  • Knowledge test pass: You must pass the FAA Unmanned Aircraft General (UAG) knowledge test with a score of at least 70%.

Step-by-Step Application Process

Obtaining your Remote Pilot Certificate involves a multi-step process that includes studying, testing, and application filing. Follow these steps in order to avoid delays.

1. Study the Required Material

Begin by gathering study resources. The FAA provides a free Airplane Flying Handbook and the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Study Guide. Additionally, many online courses (like those from Pilot Institute, UAS Coach, or FAA-sponsored training) offer structured lessons and practice tests. Focus on these knowledge areas:

  • Part 107 regulations (operating rules, pilot authority, etc.)
  • Airspace classification (Class A, B, C, D, E, G) and operating requirements
  • Weather theory, METARs, TAFs, and how to read aviation weather reports
  • Drone performance, loading, and emergency procedures
  • Maintenance, preflight inspection, and safety protocols
  • Radio communication procedures, though not heavily tested
  • Physiological factors affecting pilots (fatigue, drugs, alcohol)

2. Schedule the Knowledge Test

Once you feel prepared, schedule your test at an FAA-approved knowledge testing center. Find a center near you by using the FAA Testing Center Search. The cost of the test varies by center but is typically around $150–$175. You will need to bring a government-issued photo ID and your FAA Tracking Number (FTN).

3. Take the Test

The Part 107 knowledge test consists of 60 multiple-choice questions. You have 120 minutes to complete it. The test is computer-based and typically covers the areas listed above. You will receive your score immediately: a passing score is 70% (42 correct answers). If you fail, you must wait 14 days before retaking the test.

4. Register in IACRA

If you pass, you will receive a test report with a 48-character knowledge test ID. Next, go to the FAA's Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) system and create an account. You will need your FTN, personal information, and test ID. Follow the prompts to submit your application for a Remote Pilot Certificate. There is no separate fee for the certificate itself, but you must complete the application within 24 months of passing the test.

5. TSA Background Check (if applicable)

Most Part 107 applicants do not need a separate TSA check, unless you are a non-U.S. citizen or have specific security concerns. In those cases, the FAA will coordinate with TSA. For U.S. citizens, the application proceeds directly to issuance.

6. Receive Your Certificate

After your IACRA application is processed (usually within a few business days), you will receive a temporary certificate via email. The permanent plastic certificate will arrive by mail in 6–8 weeks. Your certificate does not have an expiration date, but you must maintain currency (see below).

Knowledge Test Content Details

The FAA's UAG test is comprehensive. Understanding the breakdown of topics will help you focus your studies.

  • Regulations (35–45%): Operating rules (daylight operation, visual line of sight, altitude limits, right-of-way, hazardous operations), pilot responsibilities, remote ID requirements, and recordkeeping.
  • Airspace (20–30%): Classifications, operating restrictions, controlled vs. uncontrolled airspace, requirements for airspace authorization (LAANC), and special use airspace.
  • Weather (10–15%): How to read METARs and TAFs, understanding wind, visibility, cloud ceilings, and how weather affects drone performance.
  • Emergency and Safety (10–15%): Procedures for lost link, flyaways, engine failure, emergency landing, and reporting requirements (accident reporting to FAA).
  • Maintenance & Human Factors (5–10%): Preflight inspection, battery care, weight and balance, crew resource management, and effects of alcohol, drugs, fatigue.

Maintaining Your Remote Pilot Certificate

Your Part 107 certificate never expires, but you must keep it "current" by completing a Recurrent Knowledge Test every 24 calendar months. If you fail to do so, you cannot legally operate until you pass the recurrent test. The recurrent test is shorter (40 questions, 80 minutes) and costs about the same as the initial test. You can take it any time after the 24-month mark, but the test date will set your new currency period.

Additionally, you must always carry your certificate and a form of identification while flying. You are also responsible for keeping a flight log (though not required by the FAA for non-recreational flights, it is best practice).

Recurrent Test Study Tips

Recurrent tests often focus on regulatory changes (e.g., recent Remote ID rules, operating near airports) and common airspace scenarios. Use FAA updates and recent practice tests to stay sharp.

Additional Tips for Success

Many first-time applicants find the test challenging because it covers aviation concepts unfamiliar to drone enthusiasts. Here are actionable tips to ensure you pass on the first attempt.

  • Use multiple study resources. Combine the free FAA study guide with a paid online course that includes video explanations and quizzes. Practice tests are critical – aim for 85% or higher before scheduling.
  • Learn to read weather reports. The METAR and TAF decoding questions can trip people up. Spend extra time on weather interpretation. The FAA provides a weather resource page with sample reports.
  • Understand airspace authorization. With the advent of LAANC (Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability), knowing how to get real-time approvals is essential for commercial operations. The test may ask about LAANC and controlled airspace.
  • Review remote ID rules. As of September 2023, all drones requiring registration must broadcast remote ID. Understand the exceptions and compliance methods.
  • Manage test anxiety. Get a good night's sleep, eat properly, and arrive early. The test is not designed to trick you; it tests knowledge you can learn.
  • Keep learning after the test. Regulations change. Subscribe to FAA alerts or join industry groups to stay updated.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Over years of training drone pilots, several recurring errors lead to test failure or operational violations.

  • Misunderstanding right-of-way rules. All aircraft including drones must give way to manned aircraft. Also, autonomous drones do not have automatic right-of-way; the pilot must remain aware.
  • Ignoring NOTAMs and TFRs. Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) around stadiums, wildfires, or VIP movements can pop up suddenly. Always check NOTAMs before flying.
  • Assuming you can fly anywhere with a waiver. Waivers (e.g., for night flight or operation beyond visual line of sight) require separate applications and approvals. Do not assume standard Part 107 allows everything.
  • Neglecting to register your drone. All drones over 0.55 lbs must be registered with the FAA. The registration must be renewed every three years.
  • Forgetting to complete the recurrent test. Set a reminder 2–3 months before your currency expires. You can take it early, and the new period starts from that test date.

Costs and Budget Considerations

Obtaining your Part 107 certificate involves several direct costs:

  • Knowledge test fee: $150–$175
  • Study materials: Free FAA guides plus optional paid courses ($50–$300)
  • Recurrent test fee: ~$150 (every 24 months)
  • Drone registration: $5 per drone, valid for 3 years
  • Insurance: Not required by FAA for part 107, but highly recommended – liability policies start around $300/year

Budget an additional $100–$200 for travel or convenience if the testing center is far. Overall, expect to invest around $400–$600 for initial certification and ongoing maintenance.

Beyond the Basics: Waivers and Advanced Operations

Once you hold a Part 107 certificate, you can apply for waivers to operate outside standard rules. Common waivers include:

  • Night flight (Part 107.29)
  • Operation over people (Part 107.39)
  • Operation from a moving vehicle (Part 107.25)
  • Beyond visual line of sight (Part 107.31) – rarely granted without significant justification

Waiver applications are submitted through the FAA DroneZone and require detailed safety explanations. Approval times vary from days to months. Always wait for written approval before departing from Part 107 rules.

Conclusion

Earning your FAA Part 107 Remote Pilot Certificate is the essential first step for any serious commercial drone operator. The process requires study, a modest investment, and ongoing commitment to safety and regulatory compliance. By following the steps outlined here, using reliable study resources, and staying current with FAA updates, you will be well on your way to flying legally and professionally. Remember that the certification is not just a piece of plastic – it demonstrates your knowledge and dedication to safe unmanned aircraft operations in the National Airspace System.